Wednesday, August 12, 2009

Keeping It Cool

. Wednesday, August 12, 2009
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by Thomas Soderstrom

Cool processors clock higher and survive longer, but finding an inexpensive cooler in the preferred 120mm tower design able to support both AMD and Intel processors isn’t easy. Rosewill surprised us with a review sample that included an AMD-style clip, since its Fort 120 doesn’t advertise Socket AM2+/AM3 compatibility on the box. Readers should look forward to a review of this unit later this month.

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This is the point where some die-hard overclockers might point out that, since we used top-end motherboards, we should also use a top-end liquid cooling system. But while budget overclockers might be able to find less expensive motherboards that replicates our results, the same cannot be said of liquid cooling. We wanted to provide a realistic, yet optimistic target for value-overclockers to use as a goal.

One other place we didn’t go cheap was in thermal compound selection. The Fort 120 cooler does not include enough thermal paste for multiple uses, so we instead relied on our established thermal grease choice.

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Zalman’s ZM-STG1 was chosen for previous reviews based on its easy application, quick set in time, and upper-range thermal performance. Upon request, the firm supplied enough samples for each U.S. editor to have two bottles.

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Thermal grease or paste fills small gaps between the processor and heat sink to provide a greater contact area. Many experienced builders swear that too heavy a layer will prevent proper sink contact, citing the lower conductivity of thermal compound compared to the aluminum or copper surface it fills, but most modern thermal materials are thin enough that heat sink pressure will squeeze out any excess. The real problem of applying too much paste is that it can make a mess of the motherboard, and its low-conductivity is still enough to potentially cause signal or voltage problems.

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Getting Started, The Hardware

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by Thomas Soderstrom

Continually-falling DDR3 prices are allowing the memory technology to displace DDR2 in mainstream-performance builds. And with the future of DDR2 desktop memory drawing short, we selected two DDR3 motherboards from MSI to support our chosen AMD and Intel processors.

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Picked for its best-in-class HT clock speed capability, MSI’s 790FX-GD70 should provide optimal results for our Socket AM3 overclocking tests. Choosing the standout motherboard from previous reviews allows us to set a high goal for owners of less-expensive motherboards to attempt using the same processor models.

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Our budget limit for dual-core and quad-core processors was $125 and $250, respectively. AMD sent its Phenom II X4 955 Black Edition ($245 retail value) and Phenom II X2 550 Black Edition ($100 retail value) for today’s overclocking guide. Black Edition processors are special from other Athlons and Phenoms in their ability to manipulate the clock multiplier upward, allowing high overclocks to be achieved at or near the processor’s original 200 MHz HyperTransport reference clock.

We requested MSI’s top P45-chipset motherboard to maintain fairness between processor brands, and the firm responded with its P45 Diamond.

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A higher average price gets buyers fewer graphics card slots. MSI makes up for the value loss with added features, such as a PCIe audio card and a chipset water block with copper line adapter kit.

Nobody said we had to spend our entire budget on processors. Focusing on the value segment brought us to the $70 dual-core Pentium E5200 for its high CPU to front side bus multiplier and good overclocking reputation, and the $160 Core 2 Quad Q8200 for its reasonable cost.

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Intel doesn’t produce a 45 nm desktop quad-core with anything less than FSB-1333, and each model up gets us a slightly higher (0.5x) CPU multiplier at a noticeably higher price. Like AMD’s Black Edition, Intel also offers Extreme Edition processors with CPU multipliers that can be manipulated upwards, but Intel charges so much more for this feature that we couldn’t possibly consider any of these for use in a value-oriented overclocking guide.

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Understanding The Lingo

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by Thomas Soderstrom

Many new overclockers leave our user forums never to return when they ask "How do I overclock?" and receive “Raise the FSB or HT clock” as an answer. But once you're armed with the lingo, the principles are fairly easy to understand. Let's cover a couple of the basics.

Frequency

A processor is made up of a complicated series of microscopic electronic switches (transistors) on a pulsating power circuit. The number of pulses (power cycles) per second is called the circuit's “frequency.” It takes at least one cycle for the transistor to change state between on (1) or off (0), and the ones and zeros become part of a data stream.

Modern central processors run at thousands of millions (billions) of cycles per second, or gigahertz. This is the same range of frequencies at which microwaves and mobile phones operate, so that a relatively short piece of wire can become a fairly good radio antenna. Preventing cross-communication between circuits, where one circuit acts as a transmitter an the other an unintended receiver, is extremely important.

The conductors on motherboards, called traces, are much longer than those of an integrated circuit, such as a central processor (CPU) or graphics processor (GPU). In order to reduce noise, signal loss and cross-talk, the pathways that connect various processors must run at slower frequencies.

The CPU Multiplier

As the need for increased data speed outstripped the ability of various busses to support it, companies developed a variety of methods to send more than one bit of data per conductor, per cycle. These methods include double data rate used in memory modules, quad data rate used by Intel’s front side bus (FSB), AMD’s HyperTransport (HT) interconnect, and Intel’s recent QuickPath Interconnect (QPI).

Because Intel’s most recent FSB uses quad data rate technology, its clock frequency is a quarter of its data frequency. That is to say, the clock rate of FSB-1333 is 333 MHz (megahertz, or millions of cycles per second). The CPU itself relies on an actual electrical frequency (the clock rate) to set its internal speed, so a CPU multiplier of 10x on an FSB clock rate of 333 MHz (FSB-1333) results in a CPU frequency of 3,333 MHz, or 3.33 GHz.

AMD’s internal HT link uses a 200 MHz clock speed with data rates of five to ten times clock speed, resulting in 1,000 to 2,000 transfers per second. But since HyperTransport supports full bandwidth in both directions at the same time, AMD doubles its name to HT 2,000 (1,000 MHz data rate, 200 MHz clock rate) and HT 4,000 (2,000 MHz data rate, 200 MHz clock rate). The most important thing to remember when overclocking is that both HT 4,000 and HT 2,000 use a clock rate of 200 MHz, so that a CPU multiplier of 10x would provide a CPU clock speed of 2,000 MHz, or 2.0 GHz.

Though we won’t use an Intel QPI-based system today, users should know that it operates in a similar fashion to AMD’s HT link, but at a slower 133 MHz base clock frequency.

Voltage

Frequent overclockers will discuss BIOS settings such as VCore (voltage of the CPU core), VDIMM (memory voltage), and various data pathway/memory controller voltage settings under a variety of different initializations. Some of these will be discussed in detail as we encounter them in BIOS screen shots.


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Guide: Overclocking AMD And Intel CPUs On A Budget

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by Thomas Soderstrom

Overclocking is a collection of methods for making components run faster than the manufacturer intended. Once little more than a hobby for die-hard geeks and value-seekers, overclocking has become a way—sometimes the only way—for performance fanatics to get the system performance they really want/need. With graphics and memory technologies forging ahead at a brisk pace, central processors are quickly becoming the second-most restrictive component in many high-end systems.

If you feel forced into overclocking just to get a high-performance benchmark from the best parts, mid-budget enthusiasts are certain to find their lower-cost parts mind-numbingly slow. Because most buyers can’t afford the best components, the majority of overclockers come from the mainstream market.

There are two groups who overclock out of perceived necessity: those who need more performance than the market provides, and those who need more performance than they can afford to purchase.

Tom’s Hardware puts much of its editorial efforts into testing and overclocking the latest high-end parts, but today we’re going to focus on a few processors that most mainstream readers can afford and enjoy: AMD’s Phenom II X2 and X4, and Intel’s Pentium Dual-Core and an entry-level Core 2 Quad.

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Mitigating Risks

Though we’re obligated to tell everyone that overclocking is a great way to put important data at risk, many Tom’s Hardware editors even employ it on their all-important work PCs. Methods that ensure stability are just as important as those that assure longevity, and any data that can't be replaced should be backed up to at least two devices, regardless of whether or not the primary system is overclocked.

All machines wear out, and forcing a component to run beyond its specifications is a sure way to make it wear out faster. In electronics, the biggest source of wear is a phenomenon known as electromigration, whereby ions are slowly transferred from a structure to the adjacent structure under the force of electrical current. Major contributing factors include increased heat and voltage, but the limits of heat and voltage vary with different materials, different production technologies, and expected component lifespan.

Increased voltage allows a stronger signal to be carried between various components, reducing signal loss that can occur as the result of overclocking and thereby allowing higher component operational frequency. As we overclock today’s four processor samples, we’ll discuss the voltage and temperature limits we’ve chosen as well as the expected lifespan, testing each part for complete stability.

www.tomshardware.com

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Windows XP Trick - Increase Performance of PC, XP Tricks

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Tuesday, August 11, 2009

Profits.CC Expert Blogging Tutorial: Building Backlinks to Your Blog (Resell Rights)

. Tuesday, August 11, 2009
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Tuesday, August 4, 2009

Burza i deszcz - Efekt specjalny w Ulead VideoStudio 11.

. Tuesday, August 4, 2009
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Ulead Video Studio 11 Plus-"Jak zrobić burzę i deszcz"

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